tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-45928789800078036822024-03-04T22:13:18.500-08:00ethnobotanyethnobotanyukmHONEYhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08723049233120663508noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4592878980007803682.post-10010099773314120972009-02-04T20:15:00.000-08:002009-03-05T02:02:59.249-08:00Melaleuca cajuputi<div align="justify"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid1HVCe9c3bzGpuiSFmzCGnHSqcR_TDvH40E5Lp7m9-FyPD_yusWXs5TASa6Fi6QLF52CmWpiDDjBtEnUsRO0c_Ol-SqyphkUL5IMhFFy2PF5fZmIPTqSb2PNi3r-oXo42zh4Bp8Moedg/s1600-h/imagesCAPNQV77.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5301819264921714738" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 161px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid1HVCe9c3bzGpuiSFmzCGnHSqcR_TDvH40E5Lp7m9-FyPD_yusWXs5TASa6Fi6QLF52CmWpiDDjBtEnUsRO0c_Ol-SqyphkUL5IMhFFy2PF5fZmIPTqSb2PNi3r-oXo42zh4Bp8Moedg/s320/imagesCAPNQV77.jpg" border="0" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO6dItBfFPt0uHHjJEayzxlVGq1S6isxE6Z_5C_jMaSSqKvnAosRNrZsx5_xZZKm_oADK0JUomKfmydX6O31KTD4f_WRnfc2-A9tFKoGAWnEsNLcsD-oHKPxPWOuSACG_hG1UvKrdsm6c/s1600-h/imagesCAV0DDOS.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5309638481708957410" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 139px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 170px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO6dItBfFPt0uHHjJEayzxlVGq1S6isxE6Z_5C_jMaSSqKvnAosRNrZsx5_xZZKm_oADK0JUomKfmydX6O31KTD4f_WRnfc2-A9tFKoGAWnEsNLcsD-oHKPxPWOuSACG_hG1UvKrdsm6c/s400/imagesCAV0DDOS.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p align="justify"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5301818855330464722" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 135px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 157px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhik4PHWw0Qlybv07okIK-yG258NWxKhuaAh5zB_IjRyFNm42rhfrYp-IM7q00URGTdSNQabfrH9YNQwEL9_q3qiqz90J2CtI-goNB4WIVJsUqNSPBtm2gJT77l7c-8lHYvEHkRSYt5Y7A/s320/imagesCAAZD9J8.jpg" border="0" /><br /><span style="font-family:lucida grande;"></span><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Cajuput</span></strong> \Caj"u*put\, n. [Of Malayan origin; k[=a]yu tree + p[=u]tih white.] (Med.) </p><p align="justify"><strong>A highly stimulating volatile inflammable oil, distilled from the leaves of an East Indian tree (Melaleuca cajuputi, etc.) It is greenish in color and has a camphoraceous odor and pungent taste.<br /></strong><br /><strong>Clade:</strong> <span style="color:#3333ff;">Eukaryot<br /></span><strong>Kingdom</strong> <a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Plantae">Plantae</a> – Plants<br /><strong>Subkingdom</strong> <a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Tracheobionta">Tracheobionta</a> – Vascular plants<br /><strong>Superdivision</strong> <a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Spermatophyta">Spermatophyta</a> – Seed plants<br /><strong>Division</strong> <a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Magnoliophyta">Magnoliophyta</a> – Flowering plants<br /><strong>Class </strong><a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Magnoliopsida">Magnoliopsida</a> – Dicotyledons<br /><strong>Subclass</strong> <a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Rosidae">Rosidae</a><br /><strong>Order</strong> <a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Myrtales">Myrtales</a><br /><strong>Family</strong> <a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a> – Myrtle family<br /><strong>Subfamily</strong> <span style="color:#3366ff;">Myrtoideae<br /></span><strong>Genus</strong> <a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=MELAL">Melaleuca L.</a> – melaleuca<br /><strong>Species</strong> <a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=MECA17"><em>Melaleuca cajuputi</em> Powell</a> – cajeput<br /><strong>Subspecies:</strong> <a title="Melaleuca cajuputi cajuputi (not yet written)" href="http://species.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melaleuca_cajuputi_cajuputi&action=edit&redlink=1"><em>M. cajuputi</em> subsp. <em>cajuputi</em></a>, <a title="Melaleuca cajuputi cumingiana (not yet written)" href="http://species.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melaleuca_cajuputi_cumingiana&action=edit&redlink=1"><em>M. cajuputi</em> subsp. <em>cumingiana</em></a>, <span style="color:#3366ff;"><em>M. cajuputi</em> subsp. <em>platyphylla</em></span> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVvJxbx2migSJQdRonBxR6nGaoJd0gQqfr5FjG5SaykDjlJOSym9eArc8AWGNCMihLIfcYXZ1uWLHkkgRPJeMuLkt1l_6ln2XkDALOD9DvLw_GPT2FJTfg-6MI_m5qtzZ17yjD6oyt1kA/s1600-h/Melaleuca%2520Cajuputi.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5309634313119346162" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 240px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVvJxbx2migSJQdRonBxR6nGaoJd0gQqfr5FjG5SaykDjlJOSym9eArc8AWGNCMihLIfcYXZ1uWLHkkgRPJeMuLkt1l_6ln2XkDALOD9DvLw_GPT2FJTfg-6MI_m5qtzZ17yjD6oyt1kA/s320/Melaleuca%2520Cajuputi.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="color:#00cccc;"><u><strong><span style="color:#6600cc;">Subspecies/Varieties:</span></strong> <br /></u></span><br /><em>Melaleuca cajuputi</em> subsp. <em>cajuputi</em><br /><em>Melaleuca cajuputi</em> subsp. <em>cumingiana</em> (Turcz.) Barlow<br /><em>Melaleuca cajuputi</em> subsp. <em>platyphylla</em> Barlow<br /><strong></strong><br /><span style="color:#6600cc;"><strong><u>Other Scientific Names</u></strong> </span></p><div align="justify"><em>Melaleuca leucadendron</em> L. p.p.<br /><em>Melaleuca minor</em> Sm.<br /><br /><strong><span style="color:#6600cc;"><u>Common Names</u></span></strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong>Australia:</strong> paperbark tea-tree cajuput tree<br /><strong>Indonesia:</strong> kayu putih<br /><strong>Malaysia</strong> :kayu putih<br /><strong>Peninsular Malaysia:</strong> gelam<br /><strong>Thailand:</strong> samet<br /><strong>Vietnam:</strong> chè dong, tran, chi cay, bach thien tâng<br /><strong>English:</strong> swamp tea-tree </div><br /><p align="center"><u><strong><span style="color:#6600cc;">Introduction</span></strong> </u><br /><br /></p><p align="justify">Gelam (<em>Melaleuca cajuputi</em> Powell) belongs to the family Myrtaceae. Other better-known members of the family include kelat (<em>Syzygium</em> spp.), gelam bukit or china maki (<em>Leptospermum</em> spp.), mempoyan (<em>Rhodamnia</em> spp.), pelawan (<em>Trifitaniopis</em> spp.) and <em>Eucalyptus</em> (not indegeneous). Locally the timber of gelam is also known as kayu putih.<br /><br />The species of <em>Melaleuca</em> occurs naturally in swamp forests between the old raised sea beaches, and is a characteristic feature of the deep seasonal swamps of the coastal alluvial flats behind the sandy beaches and the mangroves, in particular in the states of <span style="color:#660000;">Kedah, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Kelantan and Terengganu</span>. The trees can be easily recognised by their distinctive thick papery flaky bark that can be peeled off easily.<br /><br /><strong><span style="color:#6600cc;"><u>Description: (Flora of China)</u></span></strong><br />There is 44 species in <em>Melaleuca<br /></em>Trees, to 18 m tall. Bark white, thick and soft, peeling. Branchlets grayish white. Leaves alternate, fragrant; petiole very short; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to narrowly oblong, 4-10 × 1-2 cm, leathery, with numerous oil glands, secondary veins 3-5(-7) and parallel to long axis blade, both ends acute. Flowers white, in pseudoterminal spikes to 15 cm; rachis usually with short trichomes. Hypanthium ovate, ca. 3 mm, pubes- cent or glabrous. Sepals 5, rounded, ca. 1 mm. Petals 5, ovate, 2-3 × ca. 3 mm. Stamens ca. 1 cm, in 5 bundles. Style linear, slightly longer than stamens. Capsule subglobose, 5-7 mm in diam. Fl. several times per year.<br /><br />Cultivated in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, and Yunnan [Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4aUOVEttqcHTK64HKzNL406G2ZXutUgRy3Uc2ttSODDqwSsBrcxjZTd-OlFqnQUw7d7bn218sB2AIe8YxZLHSko3ChaC8XYLwEZdky7MqKPbBxl26smzEXy2yuds5KVBqFTCGpJSTbOo/s1600-h/imagesCADVNXX2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5301819517045474274" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 95px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 123px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4aUOVEttqcHTK64HKzNL406G2ZXutUgRy3Uc2ttSODDqwSsBrcxjZTd-OlFqnQUw7d7bn218sB2AIe8YxZLHSko3ChaC8XYLwEZdky7MqKPbBxl26smzEXy2yuds5KVBqFTCGpJSTbOo/s320/imagesCADVNXX2.jpg" border="0" /></a>In FRPS (53(1): 54-55. 1984), this widely cultivated species was treated under the name <em>Melaleuca leucadendra</em> (Linnaeus) Linnaeus (as "<em>M. leucadendron</em>"). <em>Melaleuca cajuputi</em> is the source of the essential oil, cajuput or cadjeput. The typical race, subsp. cajuputi, is distributed in <span style="color:#ff6666;">Indonesia</span> and <span style="color:#ff6666;">Australia</span>; a third race, subsp. platyphylla Barlow, is distributed in <span style="color:#ff6666;">Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea</span>, and <span style="color:#ff6666;">Australia</span>.<br /></p><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><span style="color:#6600cc;"><strong><u><em><span style="font-size:130%;"></span></em></u></strong></span> </div><div align="justify"><span style="color:#6600cc;"><strong><u><em><span style="font-size:130%;">Melaleuca cajuputi</span></em> (Swamp Tea Tree)</u></strong></span></div><br /><div align="justify">This melaleuca is usually a tree up to 25 m tall with a single stem, although it may<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzWyifPusfjPY5v7yCOGM6v4Lj8DOlJXzPWen2pJCnh0u6elHcyZFIZFlYfp5k9WEgDRIxs2K5lKwu-G9vYd24W423ENIKcKVjXdYinP3xIm_ebP-zQyQOR577t18mHEECgBVQDcPsBJM/s1600-h/imagesCAD8TSQP.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5309622779875009298" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 130px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 98px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzWyifPusfjPY5v7yCOGM6v4Lj8DOlJXzPWen2pJCnh0u6elHcyZFIZFlYfp5k9WEgDRIxs2K5lKwu-G9vYd24W423ENIKcKVjXdYinP3xIm_ebP-zQyQOR577t18mHEECgBVQDcPsBJM/s400/imagesCAD8TSQP.jpg" border="0" /></a> reach 40 m and 1.2 m in diameter in some situations. It displays dense erect dull green foliage with grey to white papery bark. Range in latitude is 12°N – 18°S and in altitude 5 – 200 m. This is a species primarily of the hot humid climatic zone. Mean annual rainfall varies from 1300 – 1750 mm with a strong monsoonal pattern. The species grows in a wide range of situations but most stands are found on low swampy coastal plains often on heavy-textured black soils that are subject to flooding for six or more months each year.<br /></div><br /><div align="justify">The species tolerates waterlogged sites including those subject to brackish water. It regenerates successfully in <em>Imperata</em> grasslands, is fire resistant and has the ability to coppice and root sucker. It is moderately fast-growing. The wood is hard and resistant to rot.<br /></div><br /><div align="justify"><a title="Link to explanation of GRIN distribution data" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/paper.pl?language=en&chapter=distrib"><span style="font-size:130%;color:#6600cc;"><strong>Distributional range</strong></span></a><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="color:#6600cc;"><strong>:</strong></span> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfvsPJNNwklChohkGKZqYegiguOhVAiUsaOmqnGxBGli_dUerPcx7b5qGfxeEXMsJ73q5c3pmUOqk_IYIqLUHiSlm8zQardobrXwt1X6S5k48AUtuABeudlHtMNJtqiqAXP40jEYMmRls/s1600-h/V3965F01.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5309638772425031042" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 289px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfvsPJNNwklChohkGKZqYegiguOhVAiUsaOmqnGxBGli_dUerPcx7b5qGfxeEXMsJ73q5c3pmUOqk_IYIqLUHiSlm8zQardobrXwt1X6S5k48AUtuABeudlHtMNJtqiqAXP40jEYMmRls/s400/V3965F01.gif" border="0" /></a><br /></span><strong><span style="color:#3333ff;">Native:</span></strong> </div><ul><li><div align="justify"><strong><span style="color:#cc0000;">ASIA-TROPICAL Indo-China:</span></strong> Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam<br /></div></li><li><div align="justify"><strong><span style="color:#cc0000;">Malesia:</span></strong> Indonesia - Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sumatra; Malaysia; Papua New Guinea<br /></div></li><li><div align="justify"><strong><span style="color:#cc0000;">AUSTRALASIA</span></strong> Australia:- Northern Territory, Queensland [n.], Western Australia </div></li></ul><p align="justify"><strong><span style="color:#6600cc;">Other:<br /></span></strong>cultivated & naturalized in south east Asia, exact native range obscure </p><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5309639922055961826" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 332px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizMUI1D_C6hEI9KdH7VeROrXtiSW8JUyj79LJAc31Q4mTEcuVbI-17zsWVwwZY5klVJ_Qb7K2iWKND3kuQjr4WSpWs97VaO60qx_1co9KqvYffIDb77oJhLSUaYFb34b413OQcPbh4ZsU/s400/MELAL.png" border="0" /><br /><br /><p align="center"><span style="color:#6600cc;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><u><strong>U</strong><strong>SAGE AND MEDICINAL VALUES:</strong></u></span></span><br /></p><ul><li><div align="justify"><strong><span style="color:#cc33cc;">Therapy</span></strong>— <span style="color:#ff0000;">Oil of cajuput</span> is a diffusible stimulant of great power, and is indicated in all depressed and collapsed states of disease where there is no inflammation; such as we find in the advanced stage of adynamic <strong><span style="color:#cc33cc;">fevers</span></strong> and malignant diseases. It<span style="color:#006600;"> </span><span style="color:#33ff33;">stops the spasms, overcomes the collapsed condition, and in many cases effects complete reaction. </span></div></li><br /><li>The <span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>leaves</strong></span> yiel<img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5309622916468086354" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 81px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 114px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkOMsL329xq-aJJ9UW9tMnJC4Gw-IsSHw3YwERM8qNstT2v-l8DObL1Pyq58okFspmXxX0A5e9w7hX7QxO_osclGQ4VwaISZtY3raMbZPKYmZ60GPjb-Bkb-BjcHqE7hfDmQ_bBENjn0Q/s400/imagesubat.jpg" border="0" />d cajuput oil produced by steam distillation has been used as external applications for: - <span style="color:#cc33cc;"><strong>headache, tooth-ache, ear-ache,</strong></span> <strong><span style="color:#cc33cc;">rheumatism, bruises, sprains, contusions, chilblains, lameness</span></strong>, and other <span style="color:#cc33cc;"><strong>painful affections</strong></span>, the compound tincture (liniment) of camphor, well rubbed in before the fire, will be found to afford relief. The oil of cajuput and its preparations may be given on sugar, or mixed with honey, or in an emulsion, or in warm brandy and water.<br /></li><li><span style="color:#ff0000;">Cajuput</span> is a vermifuge, and may be used to destroy <span style="color:#cc33cc;"><strong>intestinal worms</strong></span>. It is antispasmodic, and is one of the most successful remedies ever employed in the painful <span style="color:#cc33cc;"><strong>cramps</strong></span> of <em>Asiatic cholera </em>was an established means of treatment among the older Eclectics. It is equally efficient in <em>cholera morbus, cholera infantum</em>, nervous vomiting, hysteria, and wherever there is depression of the vital powers associated with spasmodic action.<br />It is <span style="color:#ff0000;">important</span> that there should be <span style="color:#ff0000;">no inflammation</span> present when cajuput is employed; and when it is given internally in such complaints as cholera morbus, or spasms of the bowels, care should be taken not to excite inflammation of the stomach by a too free use of the remedy.<br /></li><li>In <span style="color:#cc33cc;"><strong>acne rosacea, psoriasis</strong></span> and other <span style="color:#cc33cc;"><strong>scaly skin diseases</strong></span> the oil, undiluted, should be applied to the diseased skin three times a day.<br /></li><li>In <span style="color:#cc33cc;"><strong>toothache</strong></span> the oil should be applied to the cavity of the tooth on cotton. </li><li>In <span style="color:#cc33cc;"><strong>neuralgia</strong></span> the oil should be applied to the seat of pain.<br /></li><li>It is generally used in the round for <span style="color:#cc33cc;"><strong>posts, poles and piling</strong></span>. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQoWj7KmtB4cm6QgeXfr3yDR9w8iCz7cuVHLBOEV6jpaUwZZDOw9FJ8P5ZGR5yq-8YsZDQLj-IcfmC6ztHzCrmQc8_LAV8_RgDlRvNp5OkBFFyhqYIxFItSzeYgWjQiHikU42KUoOEjao/s1600-h/mel.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5309634191708816546" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 78px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 126px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQoWj7KmtB4cm6QgeXfr3yDR9w8iCz7cuVHLBOEV6jpaUwZZDOw9FJ8P5ZGR5yq-8YsZDQLj-IcfmC6ztHzCrmQc8_LAV8_RgDlRvNp5OkBFFyhqYIxFItSzeYgWjQiHikU42KUoOEjao/s400/mel.jpg" border="0" /></a></li><br /><li>Good <span style="color:#cc33cc;"><strong>fuelwood</strong></span>.<br /></li><li><em>M. cajuputi</em> makes an attractive ornamental tree, can be used for <span style="color:#cc33cc;"><strong>shade</strong></span> and <span style="color:#cc33cc;"><strong>shelter</strong></span>, and is a source of <strong><span style="color:#cc33cc;">honey</span></strong>. </li><br /><li>In Melaka, the trees of gelam have been used as a <span style="color:#cc33cc;"><strong>road-side shade trees</strong></span> in low lying stretches where they cross rice-swamps, but the crown is not enough to shade wide road.<br /></li><li>This cineole-rich essential oil is used in local medicines and as an <strong><span style="color:#cc33cc;">antiseptic and insect repellent. </span></strong></li></ul><p><a title="Link to explanation of GRIN economic plant data" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/paper.pl?language=en&chapter=econ"><span style="font-size:130%;color:#6600cc;"><strong>Economic importance</strong></span></a><span style="color:#6600cc;"><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">:</span> </strong></span></p><ul><li><span style="color:#3333ff;">Environmental:</span> ornamental </li><li><span style="color:#3333ff;">Materials:</span> essential oils </li><li><span style="color:#3333ff;">Medicines:</span> folklore </li></ul><p><strong><span style="color:#6600cc;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><u>Timber and properties</u></span> </span></strong><br /></p><ul><li><span style="color:#ff6600;">The sapwood</span> is light pink-brown in colour and sharply defined from <span style="color:#ff6600;">heartwood</span> which has a slightly darker shade. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIHFY0oxxhJRnootINo8jItThUdBcobiQuhf2SNb0wvpmBIeVN9uh8E4kJjbRhc7FzBXQLBHMx_3KY_TZKRK5PriqeYXc5GS42reCbkNM1hkRHr23xz6IiO48umom_M4oqoYukuwbed0/s1600-h/kayu+gelam.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5309637179765812306" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 135px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 52px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIHFY0oxxhJRnootINo8jItThUdBcobiQuhf2SNb0wvpmBIeVN9uh8E4kJjbRhc7FzBXQLBHMx_3KY_TZKRK5PriqeYXc5GS42reCbkNM1hkRHr23xz6IiO48umom_M4oqoYukuwbed0/s320/kayu+gelam.jpg" border="0" /></a></li><li>The timber is moderately <span style="color:#ff6600;">hard</span>, and moderately heavy to heavy with an air dry density of 720 to 820 kg nr3 (average 755 kg m y}. </li><li><span style="color:#ff6600;">Texture</span> is moderately fine to fine and even. </li><li><span style="color:#ff6600;">Grain</span> is straight to shallowly interlocked. The timber has been reported to be <span style="color:#ff6600;">durable</span> especially in contact with wet ground and sea water. </li><li>Based on the density, the timber appears to be <span style="color:#ff6600;">stronger<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8AnyyF4e6OrAxkXJYU2EBR9nTonBdE1ghmLEQ0qXL2iNvKPBJMVXWFkmqRMNQPZYlQ8UwESAXBd0xAL-ewk_pHCMLG-6AsyzGg79qmpXddF5AQe1sRUW5jIcoBjka2VMySLD4kntLCXQ/s1600-h/Melaleuca-cajuputi_trunk.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5309636327717109970" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 239px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8AnyyF4e6OrAxkXJYU2EBR9nTonBdE1ghmLEQ0qXL2iNvKPBJMVXWFkmqRMNQPZYlQ8UwESAXBd0xAL-ewk_pHCMLG-6AsyzGg79qmpXddF5AQe1sRUW5jIcoBjka2VMySLD4kntLCXQ/s320/Melaleuca-cajuputi_trunk.jpg" border="0" /></a> than rubberwood</span> (<em>Hevea brasiliensis)</em> (density 560 - 640 kg m"3), light red meranti (<em>Shorea spp</em>.) (density 385 - 755 kg and mersawa (<em>Anisoptera</em>) (density 515 0735 kg nr1) but <span style="color:#ff6600;">weaker</span> than such timber as redbalau (<em>Shorea spp</em>.) (density 800 - 880 kg m'3), keruing (<em>Dipterocarpus spp</em>.)(density 690 - 945 kg nr3) and kempas (<em>Koompassia malaccensis</em>) (density 770- 1120 kg m-3).<a name="dist"></a> </li></ul><p align="justify">The use of this timber is limited as the trees are available only in some restricted locations, particularly in the coastal swamp areas. The trees are often crooked and small, unattractive for use as <span style="color:#999900;">sawn</span> timber except for <span style="color:#999900;">firewood</span>. However, those well-shaped trees of good height can be used for <span style="color:#999900;">poles, fishing stakes</span> and <span style="color:#999900;">piling works</span>. The timber can also be used for <span style="color:#999900;">parquet</span> and <span style="color:#999900;">strip flooring</span>. When laminated, it can be used for such purposes as <span style="color:#999900;">floor boards, stair steps, hand rails, table top</span> and <span style="color:#999900;">chair seat</span>.<br /><br />The <span style="color:#ff0000;">papery bark</span> has been used for <span style="color:#999900;">caulking wooden boats</span>.<br /><br /><strong><span style="color:#6600cc;"><u>RELATED RESEARCH:</u></span></strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong>1) </strong><strong>Polination Ecology: (Jurnal written by Nguyen Quang Tan)<br />Polinater: <em>Nypa fruticans</em></strong><br /><br />The submerged <em>Melaleuca</em> forests have an important role in the regulation of climate and the protection of wildlife and the environment in southern Vietnam. This paper studies the pollination ecology of the Asian giant honey bee (<em>Apis dorsata</em>), the Asian dwarf honey bee (<em>Apis</em> <em>florea</em>) and other pollinators on the two prominent plants (<em>Melaleuca cajuputi</em> and <em>Nypa</em> <em>fruticans</em>) in the forests. The results show that the nectar of <em>Melaleuca</em> flowers was secreted in the largest volume with the lowest sugar content in the early morning. Then, due to evaporation, the volume dropped to the lowest with the highest sugar content in the early afternoon. The sugar value present in <em>Melaleuca</em> flowers was the highest (466 μg of sugar per flower) at 10.00 h in the morning. <em>Nypa</em> flowers opened early in the morning, their pollen release increased gradually, reached a peak at 09.00 h and finished at sunset. The study of pollinators on the <em>Melaleuca</em> and <em>Nypa</em> flowers showed the three following forms of partitioning in the <em>Melaleuca</em> forests: <strong><span style="font-size:85%;">1. Different plants have different visitors; 2. Different visitors visit the same plant at different times; and 3. For a visitor species, time is partitioned to visit different plants.<br /></span></strong><br /><strong>2) ESSENTIAL LEAF OILS FROM <em>MELALEUCA CAJUPUTI</em> </strong>(Narathiwat)<br />(J.H. Kim, K.H. Liu, Y. Yoon, Y. Sornnuwat, T. Kitirattrakarn, C. Anantachoke)<br /><br /><strong>Abstract:</strong> Hydrodistillation of cajuput (<em>Melaleuca cajuputi</em>) leaves collected from 6 sites gave different yields of cajuput oils. The maximum oil yield (0.97%) was obtained from leaves from Ban Koke Kuwae, Thambon Kosit, and Amphur Tak Bai. The oil yields from leaf samples of other sites were 0.84% from Ban Pha Ye and Thambon Sungai Padi in Amphur Sungai Padi; 0.76% from Ban Lubosama, and Thambon Pasemat, in Amphur Sungai Kolok; 0.70% from Ban Tha Se, and Thambon Kosit, in Amphur Tak Bai; 0.66% from Ban Mai, and Thambon Sungai Padi, in Amphur Sungai Padi; and 0.56% from Ban Toh Daeng, and Thambon Phuyoh, in Amphur Sungai Kolok. Cajuput oil densities from the 2 sites of Amphur Sungai Kolok and from Ban Mai, Thambon Sungai Padi, Amphur Sungai Padi were almost the same, but higher than others. Although major components were not different, the minor components varied in terms of both structure and proportion. The major compositions of both cajuput oils from Ban Toh Daeng, Thambon Phuyoh, and Amphur Sungai Kolok consisted of 49.22% monoterpenes and 46.45% sesquiterpenes, and the rest were hydrocarbons and a diterpene. Other cajuput oils obtained composed mainly of monoterpenes (more than 62%), sesquiterpenes, hydrocarbons and some unknown compounds respectively. There was no diterpene present in these oils. Since <span style="color:#ff0000;">cajuput oil was locally used as insecticide</span>, termicidal activities of all oils were also investigated.<br /><br />ISHS Acta Horticulturae 680: <a href="http://www.actahort.org/books/680/index.htm">III WOCMAP Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Volume 6: Traditional Medicine and Nutraceuticals</a><br /><br /><strong>3)</strong><a name="ch7"><strong>EXPLORING THE GENETIC RESOURCES OF TROPICAL MELALEUCAS</strong></a><br />J.C. Doran and B.V. GunnCSIRO Division of ForestryPO Box 4008 QVT, Canberra ACT 2600Australia<br /><strong></strong><br /><strong>SUMMARY</strong><br />Tropical melaleucas are being used to reforest the inundated, acid sulphate lands of the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. <em>M. cajuputi</em> grows naturally in the Delta, this species and a number of other melaleucas with potential for the Mekong Delta are described. <em>Melaleuca</em> spp. seed collections undertaken in northern Australia and Papua New Guinea are summarised. The problems of weediness and successful propagation associated with melaleucas are discussed. Excess seed is available for interested research institutions. </p><div align="justify"><strong><u><span style="color:#6600cc;">REFERENCES<br /></span></u></strong>Barlow, B.A. (1986). Contributions to a revision of Melaleuca (Myrtaceae): 1–3. Brunonia 9: 163–177.<br />Blake, S.T. (1968). A revision of Melaleuca leucadendron and its allies (Myrtaceae). Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium No. 1: 1–114.<br />Brophy, J.J., Boland, D.J. and Lassak, E.V. (1989). Leaf essential oils of Melaleuca and Butcher, P.A., Bell, J.C. and Moran, G.F. (1992). Patterns of genetic diversity and nature of the breeding system in Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 40, 365–375.<br />Byrnes, N.B. (1884). A revision of Melaleuca L. (Myrtaceae) in northern and eastern Australia, 1. Austrobaileya 1: 65–76.<br />Geiger, R.K. (ed.) (1981). Proceedings of Melaleuca symposium, September 23–24, 1980. Division of Forestry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Sevices. </div></div>ethnobotanyukmHONEYhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08723049233120663508noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4592878980007803682.post-33978706590248998492009-02-04T18:09:00.000-08:002009-03-04T22:29:19.301-08:00Jasminum sambac<p><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5301457409064023922" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 250px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEkqE39edIwofGIUvvv2aMePvm-zdCqBYQ7I31jW5HlVa-dIqGwwpOuyfkALwTYa2OahRsP7l32LWPhaVfvtqO8cMtrrtE8NJnPsSdCKoJoOzW_0625w-6a1A7ZsquHSWooa8JuvkjqLA/s320/gamb+jasm.bmp" border="0" /><a title="Link to explanation of GRIN scientific names" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/paper.pl?language=en&chapter=scient"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Taxon</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">: Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton<br />Genus: </span><a title="Link to GRIN report for genus Jasminum" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6186"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Jasminum</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> </span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Family: </span><a title="Link to GRIN report for family Oleaceae" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?787"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Oleaceae</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> </span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">tribe: </span><a title="Link to GRIN report for tribe Jasmineae" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?2267"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Jasmineae</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">. </span><a name="common"></a><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Kingdom </span><a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Plantae"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Plantae</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> – Plants<br />Subkingdom </span><a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Tracheobionta"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Tracheobionta</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> – Vascular plants<br />Superdivision </span><a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Spermatophyta"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Spermatophyta</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> – Seed plants<br />Division </span><a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Magnoliophyta"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Magnoliophyta</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> – Flowering plants<br />Class </span><a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Magnoliopsida"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Magnoliopsida</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> – Dicotyledons<br />Subclass </span><a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Asteridae"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Asteridae</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><br />Order </span><a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Scrophulariales"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Scrophulariales</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><br />Family </span><a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Oleaceae"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Oleaceae</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> – Olive family<br />Genus </span><a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=JASMI"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Jasminum L.</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> – jasmine<br />Species </span><a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=JASA"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><em>Jasminum sambac</em> (L.) Aiton</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> – Arabian jasmine </span><br /><p align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><strong><span style="color:#33ff33;">Synonyms:<br /></span></strong>(≡) </span><a title="Link to GRIN synonym report for Nyctanthes sambac" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?25426"><em><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Nyctanthes sambac</span></em></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> L. (basionym)<br />(=) </span><a title="Link to GRIN synonym report for Nyctanthes undulata" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?25427"><em><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Nyctanthes undulata</span></em></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> L.<br /><br /></span><a title="Link to explanation of GRIN common names" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/paper.pl?language=en&chapter=common"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#33ff33;"><strong>Common names</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="color:#33ff33;"><strong>:</strong></span><br />Arabian jasmine (Source: </span><a title="Link to full literature citation" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/stdlit.pl?World%20Econ%20Pl"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">World Econ Pl</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> )<br />Melor (Peninsular Malaysia)<br />Melati (general), Menur (Javanese)<br />mo li hua (Source: </span><a title="Link to full literature citation" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/stdlit.pl?F%20ChinaEng"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">F ChinaEng</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> ) [Transcribed Chinese]<br />jasmin d'Arabie (Source: C. Feuillet, p.c.) [French]<br />bogarim (Source: </span><a title="Link to full literature citation" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/stdlit.pl?Dict%20Rehm"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Dict Rehm</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> ) [Portuguese]<br />jasmim (Source: </span><a title="Link to full literature citation" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/stdlit.pl?Portuguese%20Dict"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Portuguese Dict</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> ) [Portuguese]<br />jazmín de Arabia (Source: </span><a title="Link to full literature citation" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/stdlit.pl?Dict%20Rehm"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Dict Rehm</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> ) [Spanish] </span><br /></p><div align="justify"><br /></div><p align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><u><span style="color:#33ff33;"><strong>History:</strong></span></u> </span></p><ul><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Since ancient times Jasmine has been thought of as the <span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>'queen of flowers'</strong></span>. The name Jasmine is derived from the Persia <span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>'yasmin'</strong></span>, meaning a fragrant flower. It's also a Persian girl name.</span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">It was said that a Chinese emperor of the Sung dynasty (960-1279 AD) had Jasmine in his palace grounds so he could enjoy its fragrance. In the 1400s, Jasmine was planted for kings of Afghanistan, Nepal and Persia. </span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Jasmine sambac ("Maid of Orleand" single variety), sampaguita, is the national flower of Philippines. It is a <span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>symbol of purity, simplicity, humility and strength</strong></span>. Arabian jasmine makes a great container plant for the patio where its fine fragrance can be easily enjoyed.</span> </div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;">In 1934 Governor-General Frank Murphy, moved by sentiment, named it a national symbol. "Sentiment has dictated the selection of national flowers either symbolical of certain national or sentiments, or reminiscent of some important historical or traditional events," Murphy explained in <span style="color:#cc0000;">Proclamation Number 652</span>. "France has her fleur-de-lis and Japan her cherry blossom," he said. "In the same way the Philippines should have her national flower." </span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">On advice from the secretary of agriculture, Murphy concluded: <span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>"Considering its popularity, ornamental value, fragrance and the role it plays in the legends and traditions of the Filipino people, I hereby declare the sampaguita to be the national flower of the Philippine Islands</strong></span>. Done at the City of Manila, this first day of February, in the year of our Lord, nineteen hundred and thirty four."</span> </div></li></ul><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-family:Georgia;"></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong></strong></span></span></div><ul><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>Sampaguita</strong></span>, a Spanish term, comes from the Pilipino words "<strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">sumpa kita</span></strong>," which means "<strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">I promise you</span></strong>." It is a <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">pledge of mutual love</span></strong>. In early days, a young couple exchanged sampaguita necklaces much like a bride and groom exchange wedding rings nowadays. To this day, garlands of sampaguita are offered to dignitaries and special guests. </span><br /></div></li><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"></span><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Jasmine arrived in the Philippines in pre-recorded times, most likely as an item of barter or gift on board trade boats plying the South China Sea. In the Philippines a type of Jasmine called sampaga was described as early as 1698 when Ignacio Mercado, an Augustinian monk, first wrote about its medicinal use in the Declaracion de las virtudes de los arboles y plantas que estan en este libro. In translation, Mercado said that the leaves of the sampaga (which has bigger flowers than sampaguita) made a wonderful syrup to comfort the heart. The vapor was a good cure for asthma.</span> </div></li></ul><div align="justify"><span style="font-size:0;"></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size:0;"></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size:0;"></span></div><ul><li><div align="justify">The variety Jasminium sambac, is a clustered flower of equally strong scent known in Hawai'i as the "Pikake". It was a favorite of Princess Kaiulani who was also very fond of Peacocks, thus the name of the flower pronounced as pea-cock-kay". </div></li></ul><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;"></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;"></span></div><ul><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;">The existence of the Jasmine flower is described comprehensively in the script called Siwaratrikalpa (old Javanese literature) composed around XV AD when Adi Suprabawa governed the Majapahit kingdom, East Java. This flower was called "menur" in this script. It also stated that Jasmine has already existed in Indonesia since XV AD and this is a good flower to worship Ciwa in the new moon of the seventh month or the month of Magha. This is the holy night <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">to worship Ciwa to wipe out one's sin</span></strong>. Magha comes once a year or every 420 days according to the Balinese calendar. The Ciwa worshippers use Jasmine flowers in their offerings. It is believed that <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">this flower brings forgiveness and blessing and eventually they will be able to be united with Ciwa in heave</span><span style="color:#ff0000;">n</span></strong>.</span><strong><u><span style="color:#33ff33;"></div></li></ul></span></u></strong><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:130%;"></span></div><strong><u><span style="color:#33ff33;"><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:130%;"></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:130%;"></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:130%;">Description:</span></span></u></strong><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;"> </span></div><ul><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;">bushy vine or scrambling shrub </span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;">shiny dark green leaves </span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;">evergreen leaves are in whorls of three and others are in opposite pairs</span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;">long, angular shoots twist and twine as they clamber and sprawl over and through any support they can find</span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;">fragrant little white flowers</span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;">waxy snow white flowers are about 1 in (2.5 cm) across, borne in clusters of 3-12, and intensely fragrant</span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;">They fade to pink as they age</span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;">blooms throughout the summer - and almost continuously in warm climates</span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;">fruits are small black berries, but are seldom formed in cultivation</span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;">most common form of Arabian jasmine in cultivation is 'Grand Duke of Tuscany' (sometimes called 'Flore Pleno'), which has <strong>double flowers</strong> that look like miniature gardenias</span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;">grow no more than 6-10 ft (1.8-3.1 m) high and just as wide in frostfree areas; </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-f6HR_2FJoTKLn6p694uHklQ5fR2IlEgzSAVMhhdjqjDcvWq_WFK_zF5Ybq2-907_B8Z_xDkS5kI4XV2GIylue6DrD_jNY60CEUdpJuP7EC2QhRM4dHvuDClN4H8ZI6ouAomJpgkLpjI/s1600-h/0001800.jpg"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5307358991104494802" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 245px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 333px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-f6HR_2FJoTKLn6p694uHklQ5fR2IlEgzSAVMhhdjqjDcvWq_WFK_zF5Ybq2-907_B8Z_xDkS5kI4XV2GIylue6DrD_jNY60CEUdpJuP7EC2QhRM4dHvuDClN4H8ZI6ouAomJpgkLpjI/s400/0001800.jpg" border="0" /></span></a><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;">smaller when it has to regrow from roots following a winter freeze</span></div></li></ul><p align="justify"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;"><strong><u><span style="color:#33ff33;">Features:</span><br /></u></strong>- about 200 species of shrubs and vines, mostly from Asia, Europe and Africa. See Floridata's profiles on star jasmine (</span><a href="http://www.floridata.com/ref/J/jasm_nit.cfm" target="_self"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;"><em>Jasminum nitidum</em> </span></a><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;">), downy jasmine (</span><a href="http://www.floridata.com/ref/J/jasm_mul.cfm" target="_self"><em><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;">Jasminum multiflorum</span></em></a><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;">), and three other true jasmines. </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">- Several other plants, completely unrelated, also go by the name jasmine. Confederate jasmine (</span><a href="http://www.floridata.com/ref/t/trac_jas.cfm" target="_self"><em><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Trachelospermum jasminoides</span></em></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">) and night-blooming jasmine, (</span><a href="http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/cestrum.cfm" target="_self"><em><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Cestrum nocturnum</span></em></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">) for example, are not true jasmines, but they are sweet smelling nonetheless.<br /></span></p><p align="justify"><a title="Link to explanation of GRIN distribution data" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/paper.pl?language=en&chapter=distrib"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#33ff33;"><strong>Distributional range</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="color:#33ff33;"><strong>:</strong></span><br /><em>J. sambac</em> probably originated in India and was brought to Malaysia and Java around the 3rd century; since then widely cultivated throughout the Malesian region for its heavily scented flowers.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="color:#ff6600;">Native:</span><br /></span>ASIA-TROPICAL Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh; India [e.]Indo-China: Myanmar<br /><span style="color:#ff6600;">Other:</span><br />widely cultivated</span><br /></p><strong><u><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="color:#33ff33;"></span></span></u></strong><p align="justify"><strong><u><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="color:#33ff33;">Ecology / Cultivation:</span> </span></u></strong></p><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5301457751089165314" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 200px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 200px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW_8sYKhNR3_tFYl9hk2DKsQLayh6lvJrdm2cOR8MH1azesWhYdrEQnrCWBZrJHgJtl-fW5Wr50y5GBKneND4nWomd2JV6tAAbSGfO-fh7eeROsjOzRnWD0IkQgTUYa67Jy39MAukaYWA/s200/peta+jasm.bmp" border="0" /><strong><span style="color:#000099;">Heat Tolerance:</span></strong> Resistant to full sun and reflected heat in Phoenix<br /><span style="color:#000099;"><strong>Sun Exposure:</strong></span> Full sun or partial shade<br /><strong><span style="color:#000099;">Origin:</span></strong> Native to India, widely cultivated in South China<br /><strong><span style="color:#000099;">Growth Habits:</span></strong> Evergreen shrub to 10 feet (3m)<br /><strong><span style="color:#000099;">Watering Needs:</span></strong> Regular watering for optimum growth<br /><strong><span style="color:#000099;">Moisture:</span></strong> Supply plenty of water during the summer growing season, but reduce watering in winter.<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJcgFC7adcGCew0DaDJKW3gwIp3lTPi9CIOR1Qn-SwNcyBTzKqq1g-FN9g8fGbV9TxQey0-RpwLIhPO5do1r2KCiVfup2QGZuiOGRCbNxhImTFGPcLLlj-PsuBVOxODAk0h8yqKChyZKY/s1600-h/bunga.bmp"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5307368706469585538" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 200px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 160px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJcgFC7adcGCew0DaDJKW3gwIp3lTPi9CIOR1Qn-SwNcyBTzKqq1g-FN9g8fGbV9TxQey0-RpwLIhPO5do1r2KCiVfup2QGZuiOGRCbNxhImTFGPcLLlj-PsuBVOxODAk0h8yqKChyZKY/s200/bunga.bmp" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><u><strong><span style="color:#33ff33;">Blooming Habits:</span><br /></strong></u>Blooms from June to September but it can bloom all year long in the greenhouse. Flowers are ¾ to 1 inch across and are powerfully fragrant.<br /><br /><span style="color:#ff0000;"><u><strong>WARNING</strong></u> </span><br /><br />The </span><a href="http://www.fleppc.org/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#ff0000;">Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> lists this species as a Category II exotic invasive. This indicates that it has increased in abundance or frequency but has not yet altered Florida plant communities to the extent shown by Category I species. These species may become ranked Category I, if ecological damage is demonstrated. Arabian jasmine cannot be recommended for landscape use in Florida and caution should be excercised when considering this plant for use in similar frostfree climates.</span><br /><span style="color:#cc0000;"></span><br /><span style="color:#cc0000;">Invasive exotic plants are termed <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Category I </span></strong>invasives when they are altering native plant communities by displacing native species, changing community structures or ecological functions, or hybridizing with natives. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused. <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Category II invasive exotics</span></strong> have increased in abundance or frequency but have not yet altered Florida plant communities to the extent shown by Category I species. These species may become Category I if ecological damage is demonstrated.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><u><strong><span style="font-size:130%;color:#33ff33;">Usage:</span></strong></u> </span><br /><ul><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">European, at the Christmas homestead, they have an Arabian jasmine in a big pot on the front porch - where they can smell its <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">sweet perfume</span></strong> whenever we walk by. </span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The dried flowers of Arabian jasmine are used by the Chinese to <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">flavor</span></strong> jasmine tea.</span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">In India they're used in <span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>garlands.</strong></span></span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><span style="color:#000000;">The Hindus string the flowers together as </span><span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>neck garlands</strong></span></span><span style="color:#000000;"> for honored guests. </span></span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">the <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">national flower of the Philippines and Indonesia.</span></strong></span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">According to Himalaya’s Herbs & Mineral, the flowers and its oil are used as <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">aromatic and refresher</span></strong> to the skin. </span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The flowers are used in making perfumes and as a flavoring in tea. </span></div></li><li><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Some varieties are used as <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">religious offerings symbolizing divine hope</span></strong>. </span></li></span><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The flowers of one of the double varieties ("Belle of India") are held sacred to Vishnu and are used as <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">votive offerings in Hindu religious ceremonies</span></strong>.<br /></div></li></ul></span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5301837771486060354" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 300px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 225px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCToHW3SIH2mGzaxXAyjWeom_fY4CorJRpo2EbAsunonvjnuaafMlEjrNrjxOEbHQW3R22fMc-m345ExE-Cd72t9SmBs1lol_yHje_QDL6CpBHWl9Qocltvpw68d-bBf4FGa6m3s5Guek/s320/kalung.bmp" border="0" /></span> <ul><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Referring to famous Swedish botanist Linnaeus, he wrote that the natives of India used the young leaves and flowers to make <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">putty</span></strong>, which was mixed and <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">eaten with rice to dry scabies and other skin eruptions</span></strong>. </span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">used as a <span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>popular garnish </strong></span><span style="color:#000000;">in Indonesia.</span></span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">In <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Javanese weddings, this flower is commonly used for hair and dagger decorations for the bride and the groom</span></strong>. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbvUklL6Nsky9mKHYLk7JuLwNaqikwPW9OGl1jTxFGp_xQcWzdfaiXcNZM8dYfdcFKv364vZ-u4yyJroEDpdjdLLwDVKubEi_kKQHc6rsDhig4_BgLier8MXTa_fTL_I7IZ26SN1539Ro/s1600-h/bung+js.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5307368429664002242" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 162px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 200px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbvUklL6Nsky9mKHYLk7JuLwNaqikwPW9OGl1jTxFGp_xQcWzdfaiXcNZM8dYfdcFKv364vZ-u4yyJroEDpdjdLLwDVKubEi_kKQHc6rsDhig4_BgLier8MXTa_fTL_I7IZ26SN1539Ro/s200/bung+js.jpg" border="0" /></a></span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Cure fevers</span></strong> </span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">In <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Bali people plant this in the main temples or the family temples</span></strong>. </span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Jasmine is a good flower to use as <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">a medium of praying to worship the god Iswara</span></strong>. The color of this god is white and located in the east. </span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">This flower is also used for the big ceremonies such as Tawur Agung - the <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">ceremony to bless the whole world</span></strong>. </span></div></li><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">In <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Borneo</span></strong> it is the custom among the <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">women to roll up Jasmine blossoms in their well-oiled hair at night</span></strong>. </span></div></li></ul><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><br /></span><strong><u><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:130%;color:#33ff33;">Jasmine tea and other culinary uses:</span><br /></span></u></strong><a href="http://www.toptropicals.com/pics/misc/thailand/city/6340.jpg" target="_blank"></a><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Jasmine tea</span></strong> has been made since ancient times and is said to have <span style="color:#009900;"><strong>spiritual powers</strong></span>. This tea is cleverly made by resting the tea leaves strategically beside the powerfully scented Jasmine flowers. The scent is then used in the leaves capturing its essence to create an aromatic affair. In Asia the flowers are used to scent <span style="color:#ff0000;">not only teas but desserts as well</span>. Jasmine tea </span><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;">is the best tea is made with Maid of Orleans (single flower) variety. Pick up fully open flowers and leave them in a cup with hot water for 15-30 min. The extract is added to tea or taken pure. Try it yourself. </span><br /></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The scenting technique of the green tea belongs to Chinese Sung dynasty of the 13th century and consists in blending a few leaves of non-fermented tea with Jasmine flowers for some hours at night, when they release their essential oils. </span><br /></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Jasmine chocolate of the Grand Duke of Tuscany<br />· 10lb roasted, crushed cocoa beans<br />· Jasmine flowers<br />· 8lb sugar<br />· 3oz vanilla pods<br />· 4oz cinnamon<br />· 1/12 oz ambergris<br /></div></span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Layer the Jasmine and the cocoa. Leave for 24 hours, then mix and add more layers. Repeat 10 times. Add the remaining ingredients and grind together.<br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong><u><span style="color:#33ff33;">Medicine:</span></u></strong> </span></span><p></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The <span style="color:#6600cc;"><strong>Chinese, Arabians and Indians</strong></span> used Jasmine medicinally, as an <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">aphrodisiac and for ceremonial purposes</span></strong>. </span></li><li><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The root is used in China to treat <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">headaches, insomnia, and pain due to dislocated joints and broken bones</span></strong>; it is reported to have <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">anesthetic</span></strong> properties.Several Jasminium species have been used in <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">cancers</span></strong>. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUoTaomQmqnA783IcYd2G8sfjrUjha0VdwdNo4YRrq_DRuF3eWzVpShfASjoJSshHdrfqaUo9U8OyVq2xQm2wKT2lNIE6eZgTTPvT17AxUWItvL3-zOSsBxsZPkxhNWlrFyyuODkaDvRY/s1600-h/jsmin.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5307372361768796962" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 155px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 200px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUoTaomQmqnA783IcYd2G8sfjrUjha0VdwdNo4YRrq_DRuF3eWzVpShfASjoJSshHdrfqaUo9U8OyVq2xQm2wKT2lNIE6eZgTTPvT17AxUWItvL3-zOSsBxsZPkxhNWlrFyyuODkaDvRY/s200/jsmin.jpg" border="0" /></a> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Aroma-therapists find the Jasmine flower an <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">antidepressant and relaxing herb</span></strong> which is said to help with <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">dry or sensitive skin and tiredness</span></strong>. In vapor therapy Jasmine oil can be useful for <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">addiction, depression, nervousness, coughs, relaxation and tension</span></strong>. </span></li><li><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Jasmine oil can be used as a blended massage oil or diluted in the bath for almost everything: <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">addiction, postnatal depression, relaxation, muscle pain, coughs, tension, stress and nervousness</span></strong>. </span></li><li><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">as <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">base cream or lotion for dry or greasy and sensitive skin</span></strong>, as well as assisting with <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">stretch marks and scars</span></strong>. </span></li><li><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">In Borneo young Jasmine leaf is boiled and the infusion is taken to <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">treat gallstones</span></strong>. Root is boiled and the infusion to <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">treat diabetes mellitus.</span></strong> </span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><strong><span style="color:#33ff33;">Other medical uses of Jasmine sambac:</span><br /></strong>· <span style="color:#ff0000;">Abdomen</span> - China <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFV5E89JsHjizlfbUw1SSOWa6apU_PJbqYiCAPlaXp4QCmtM_G1aDKdWfbtucxv4pbJoVmPDxqNF4Mxx24K6hyphenhyphenl_Boyf8RPp7XEuE4uiW64Adhvt2Ik7aIE8NjMjHVLS_iRIh8R2t1XE0/s1600-h/buah+jasmin.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5307364325107426450" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 302px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFV5E89JsHjizlfbUw1SSOWa6apU_PJbqYiCAPlaXp4QCmtM_G1aDKdWfbtucxv4pbJoVmPDxqNF4Mxx24K6hyphenhyphenl_Boyf8RPp7XEuE4uiW64Adhvt2Ik7aIE8NjMjHVLS_iRIh8R2t1XE0/s400/buah+jasmin.jpg" border="0" /></a> </span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><br />· <span style="color:#ff0000;">Anesthetic</span> - China<br />· <span style="color:#ff0000;">Anodyne</span> - China<br />· <span style="color:#ff0000;">Conjunctivitis</span> - China<br />· <span style="color:#ff0000;">Dysentery</span> - China </span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">· <span style="color:#ff0000;">Fracture</span> - China<br />· <span style="color:#ff0000;">Insomnia</span> -China </span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">· <span style="color:#ff0000;">Sedative</span> - China </span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">· <span style="color:#ff0000;">Sore</span> - China<br />· <span style="color:#ff0000;">Tumor</span> - China </span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">· <span style="color:#ff0000;">Headache</span> - China, Malaysia, Iraq </span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">· <span style="color:#ff0000;">Antiemmenagogueue</span> - Samoa </span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">· <span style="color:#ff0000;">Asthma </span>- Phillipines<br /><br /></span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"></span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">· <span style="color:#ff0000;">Dermatosis</span> - Malaysia · <span style="color:#ff0000;">Collyrium</span> - Iraq, Malaysia · <span style="color:#ff0000;">Fever</span> - Iraq<br />· <span style="color:#ff0000;">Sapraemia</span> - Malaysia · <span style="color:#ff0000;">Decongestant</span> - Iraq, Malaysia · <span style="color:#ff0000;">Lotion</span> - Iraq<br /></span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"></span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">· <span style="color:#ff0000;">Venereal</span> – Malaysia </span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">· <span style="color:#ff0000;">Lactifuge</span> - Asia · <span style="color:#ff0000;">Tumor (Breast)</span> - India </span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">· <span style="color:#ff0000;">Skin</span> - Asia<br /><br /><u><strong><span style="color:#33ff33;">Traditional Uses:</span></strong></u> (commonly use by Indonesian)<br />· <strong><span style="color:#6600cc;">Flowers</span></strong>: reduce fever and swollen eyes (tumbuk halus,tampal pada dahi)<br />: Bees sting (ramas & tampalkan pada tempat sengatan)<br />· <strong><span style="color:#6600cc;">Leaf</span></strong> : Sesak Nafas(10 daun melati+3 gelas air + garam ,rebus hingga jadi 2 cawan & minum),<br />: Acne (10 helai+belerang diramas dgn 2 sudu air limau nipis,sapukan)<br /><br /></span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><u><strong><span style="color:#33ff33;">Jasmine oil:</span> </strong></u></span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="color:#cc6600;"><strong>sweet, exotic and rich floral smell</strong></span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="color:#cc6600;"><strong>deep orange-brown in color</strong></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Jasmine small white star-shaped flowers picked at night when the aroma is m<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPNNvfXfY3czspGIYfpji64uBOPVrFZF5Pr0Uynjam11fskLFRnFsrpCKh96Lj2Q39bfT5i8Vg0WgWgJJCgabh4LHpyIRC9V6SXsSOSRmWD36o8JWLfodiGTy13ugQDIQdp4-jUKfqUR4/s1600-h/bvlrose.jpg"></a>ost intense. </span></li><li><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">France, Italy, Morocco, Egypt, China, Japan and Turkey produce the best oil. </span></li><li><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">one of the most expensive scents in the world costing upwards of $1,500-3,000 a pound.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">In manufacturing, Jasmine oil is produced as a 'concrete' by solvent extraction, and an absolute is obtained from the concrete by separation with alcohol, and an essential oil is produced off the absolute by steam distillation. </span></li><li><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The main chemical components of Jasmine oil are: Benzyl, Nerol, Terpineol, Linalyl acetate, Methyl anthranilate, Jasmone and Farnesol. </span></li></ul><p><a title="Link to explanation of GRIN economic plant data" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/paper.pl?language=en&chapter=econ"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;font-size:130%;color:#33ff33;"><strong>Economic importance</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="color:#33ff33;">:</span> </span></strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><strong><span style="color:#000099;">Food additives:</span></strong> flavoring (for "jasmine tea" fide </span><a title="Link to full literature citation" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/stdlit.pl?Baileya"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Baileya</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> 13:157. 1965; </span><a title="Link to full literature citation" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/stdlit.pl?F%20China"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">F China</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">; </span><a title="Link to full literature citation" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/stdlit.pl?Eur%20Gard%20F"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Eur Gard F</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">)<br /><strong><span style="color:#000099;">Environmental:</span> </strong>ornamental (fide </span><a title="Link to full literature citation" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/stdlit.pl?Krussmann"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Krussmann</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">)<br /><strong><span style="color:#000099;">Materials:</span></strong> essential oils (fide </span><a title="Link to full literature citation" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/stdlit.pl?Wealth%20India%20RM"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Wealth India RM</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> 5:290. 1959; </span><a title="Link to full literature citation" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/stdlit.pl?Flower%20Oils"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Flower Oils</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">; </span><a title="Link to full literature citation" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/stdlit.pl?Pl%20Res%20SEAs"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Pl Res SEAs</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> 12(1):319. 1999)<br /><strong><span style="color:#000099;">Medicines:</span></strong> folklore (fide </span><a title="Link to full literature citation" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/stdlit.pl?F%20ChinaEng"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">F ChinaEng</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">; </span><a title="Link to full literature citation" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/stdlit.pl?Pl%20Res%20SEAs"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Pl Res SEAs</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> 12(1):319. 1999) </span><br /><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;"></span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><br /></span><a title="Link to explanation of GRIN literature citations" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/paper.pl?language=en&chapter=liter"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">References</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">:<br /></span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Green, P. S. 1965. Studies in the genus Jasminum III: the species in North America. </span><a title="Link to full journal title" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/stdlit.pl?Baileya"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Baileya</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> 13:157.<br />Matthew, K. M. 1983. The flora of the Tamilnadu Carnatic. (F TamilC)<br />Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970–. Flora of [West] Pakistan. (F Pak)<br />Pajaujis Anonis, D. 1993. Flower oils and floral compounds in perfumery. (Flower Oils)<br />Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. (Dict Rehm)<br />Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986–. European garden flora. (Eur Gard F)<br />Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. </span><a title="Link to reference web page" href="http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Flora of China (English edition). (F ChinaEng)</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> </span></p>ethnobotanyukmHONEYhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08723049233120663508noreply@blogger.com3